The short version of research chemical fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
This page was last updated on 2026-03-27 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
Because REV-ERB receptors are core clock components, SR9009 has been examined for effects on daily rhythms as well as metabolism. Research has explored whether the compound can shift or reinforce circadian gene expression in tissues such as liver and muscle. Some studies report improved metabolic markers in obese or diabetic mice, while others show context-dependent responses. Questions remain about which effects are direct, which are secondary to timing, and how they might differ across species.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of REV-ERB nuclear receptors. REV-ERB alpha and REV-ERB beta help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In laboratory research, SR9009 has been used to probe how these receptors affect skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. The compound was identified in academic drug-discovery work and is often described in scientific literature by its chemical name and research code. It is not an approved medicine, and human clinical data remain limited or absent.
SR9009 binds REV-ERB receptors and alters their repressive activity on target genes. This action can change transcription of genes involved in lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial function. In rodent studies, treated animals have shown changes in muscle oxidative capacity and exercise performance, though effects vary by dose, duration, and model. The precise molecular steps connecting receptor binding to whole-body outcomes are still an active area of investigation. Findings in animals do not automatically translate to humans.
SR9009 is generally described as poorly soluble in water and more soluble in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol. Stock solutions are commonly prepared in an organic solvent before dilution into an aqueous buffer or vehicle. Precipitation can occur if the organic fraction is reduced too quickly or if the final concentration exceeds the compound's solubility limit. Sonication or gentle warming may aid dissolution in some protocols, but excessive heat can promote degradation. Container material and pH can also influence observed solubility.
For long-term storage, SR9009 is typically kept as a solid at low temperature, protected from moisture and light. Desiccated conditions limit hydrolysis, while opaque containers reduce photochemical breakdown. Solutions are less stable than solids and are often stored frozen in aliquots to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Stability data are not standardized across all suppliers, so users should rely on certificate-of-analysis information when available. Degradation may appear as color change, precipitate, or decreased chromatographic purity.
Laboratory identification of SR9009 typically relies on chromatographic separation coupled to mass spectrometry, often with ultraviolet detection as a secondary check. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can confirm molecular structure when a reference standard is available. Because many suppliers sell the compound as a research chemical, independent identity testing is important for experimental reproducibility. A single retention time is not sufficient proof of identity, especially when related compounds may be present. Purity assessments usually report a percentage based on area normalization.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical class | Synthetic REV-ERB agonist | Small-molecule nuclear receptor ligand |
| Appearance | Off-white to pale yellow solid | Typical for research-grade powder |
| Solubility class | Soluble in DMSO; low water solubility | Common stock solutions use organic solvent |
| Typical stock solvent | Dimethyl sulfoxide | Used for laboratory assays |
| Common analytical method | HPLC with UV or mass detection | Used for identity and purity checks |
Most published work on SR9009 consists of preclinical studies. It is widely sold as a research chemical, a category that does not imply safety, efficacy, or pharmaceutical-grade quality. Sports anti-doping organizations have listed SR9009 as a prohibited substance, and its presence in an athlete sample can lead to sanctions. Legal status differs by country; in several jurisdictions it is not approved for human consumption and may be treated as an unapproved new drug.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is not a steroid, peptide, or natural hormone. In scientific literature, it appears under the code SR9009 and in non-scientific contexts as Stenabolic. The compound was identified through chemical screening efforts aimed at targeting circadian clock components. Its status remains investigational, and no regulatory agency has approved it as a human medicine.
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 varies by country and region. It is not approved as a pharmaceutical, and several jurisdictions restrict its sale for human consumption. Some authorities classify it as a research chemical, a prescription-only substance, or a prohibited performance-enhancing agent in sport. Purchasers may encounter certificates of analysis, but these documents do not guarantee identity, purity, or legality. In research settings, institutional safety reviews and controlled procurement help ensure that materials are handled under appropriate oversight. The absence of harmonized rules means that legal status can change and requires verification.
Analytical identification of SR9009 typically relies on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. In biological samples, researchers first separate the compound from matrix components using protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, or solid-phase extraction. High-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can support structural confirmation of reference materials. Because SR9009 is a small, relatively lipophilic molecule, reverse-phase columns and acidic mobile phases are common. Laboratories often include isotope-labeled internal standards to improve quantification and to correct for ion suppression.
At the molecular level, SR9009 binds REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ and alters their repressive activity on target genes. These nuclear receptors help regulate the circadian clock, lipid synthesis, glucose metabolism, and inflammatory pathways. By changing transcription, the compound can shift the timing or magnitude of downstream metabolic processes in model systems. It does not act through androgen receptors or adenosine receptors, which distinguishes it from several substances sold for athletic performance. Whether the same transcriptional changes occur in humans at tolerable exposures remains an open question because controlled human studies are lacking.
Preclinical reports describe effects on exercise endurance, mitochondrial content, and lipid profiles in rodents, but these findings come from specific experimental conditions. Many studies use high doses or delivery methods that may not translate directly to human use. SR9009 has been reported to have low oral bioavailability and a short half-life, which complicates interpretation of oral dosing studies. It is not established as safe or effective for any indication. Literature discussions often separate its pharmacological mechanism from unverified claims made in fitness and supplement markets.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is not an approved medicine and has no established human therapeutic use. The compound appears in scientific literature as a tool for probing circadian and metabolic regulation. Online sellers often label it as a research chemical, sometimes using the nickname Stenabolic. Its chemical identity is distinct from selective androgen receptor modulators, stimulants, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonists. Researchers use it mainly in cell and animal experiments.
Detection of SR9009 in biological samples usually relies on liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. This approach separates the compound from matrix components and identifies it by mass transitions. Because SR9009 can undergo metabolism, laboratories often look for both parent drug and specific metabolites. Sample preparation may involve protein precipitation or solid-phase extraction. Method validation examines sensitivity, carryover, and interference from related substances, and reference standards are required for accurate calibration.
Storage recommendations for SR9009 reference material typically specify a freezer at -20 °C or lower, with protection from moisture and light. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles can degrade small molecules and introduce variability. Stock solutions in dimethyl sulfoxide are often aliquoted to avoid repeated handling. Stability studies may examine degradation under heat, humidity, and light exposure. The compound's thiophene and nitro groups can participate in reactions that alter analytical signals over time, so such changes affect quantitative results.
A "stop" traffic sign with three 3D military drones painted on by Banksy is unveiled. The artwork has an anti-war theme believed to be relating to the Gaza war. However, it is stolen one hour after its unveiling in Peckham, London. 23 December The Metropolitan Police launches an investigation after a street sign in Peckham, London featuring the work of Banksy is stolen. A man is arrested on suspicion of theft and criminal damage during the first day of investigation. An increase in environmental activists being referred to the Prevent terrorism programme is reported, following the recent rise in disruptive climate protests. 24 December A second man is arrested on suspicion of theft and criminal damage after a road sign featuring work by street artist Banksy was stolen. Home Secretary James Cleverly apologises for a joke about his wife in which he said, "a little bit of Rohypnol in her drink every night" is "not really illegal", just hours after the Home Office announced plans to crack down on spiking. Two teenagers die and three others are injured in a three-car crash in Cramlington, Northumberland. The warmest Christmas Eve since 1997 is recorded, with temperatures of up to 15.3 °C (59.5 °F). British businessman Sir Jim Ratcliffe agrees a deal worth an estimated £1.3bn to buy a 25% share in Manchester United. The Ministry of Defence confirms that HMS Trent will take part in joint military exercises in Guyana in early 2024 as Venezuela renews its claims in the Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute.
1888: American chemist Josephine Silone Yates was appointed head of the Department of Natural Sciences at Lincoln Institute (later Lincoln University), becoming the first black woman to head a college science department. 1889: American astronomer Antonia Maury discovered the second spectroscopic binary, Beta Aurigae, and calculated its orbital period. 1889: American geologist Mary Emilie Holmes became the first female Fellow of the Geological Society of America.
=== August === 1 August – Stella Maris, the Rector of the University of St Andrews, is removed from the university's governing body over a letter she sent to students shortly after taking office in which she called for an immediate ceasefire in Gaza and referred to "genocidal attacks" made by the Israeli government. She will remain as Rector until October 2026, when her term ends. 4 August – A yellow weather warning is issued for heavy rain and strong winds in parts of Scotland, which is active until 9pm the following day. 6 August – Fiona Robertson, the chief executive of the Scottish Qualifications Authority, apologises after around 7,000 students who took their Higher examinations received blank emails instead of their results. The results were later sent by text message. 8 August – Cosla puts forward a new offer of a 3.6% increase for all grades of refuse workers in a bid to prevent strikes in 26 of Scotland's 32 council areas. The offer would represent a rise of £1,292 for the lowest paid, equivalent to a 5.63% increase. 8–12 August – The 82nd World Science Fiction Convention takes place in Glasgow. 9 August – 2024 United Kingdom riots: Police Scotland announces it is sending 120 of their officers to Belfast to help deal with ongoing riots in the city. 12 August – Unison, Unite and the GMB suspend planned strikes by refuse collectors following a new offer from Cosla. 13 August – Scotland's gender service for young people, based in Glasgow, announces it will stop accepting self-referrals.
There are three types of muscles—cardiac, skeletal, and smooth. Smooth muscles are used to control the flow of substances within the lumens of hollow organs, and are not consciously controlled. Skeletal and cardiac muscles have striations that are visible under a microscope due to the components within their cells. Only skeletal and smooth muscles are part of the musculoskeletal system and only the muscles can move the body. Cardiac muscles are found in the heart and are used only to circulate blood; like the smooth muscles, these muscles are not under conscious control. Skeletal muscles are attached to bones and arranged in opposing groups around joints. Muscles are innervated, whereby nervous signals are communicated by nerves, which conduct electrical currents from the central nervous system and cause the muscles to contract.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Deadlift – 400 kg (882 lb) (2005 Pojedynek Gigantów) Keg drop Deadlift – 295–350 kg (650–771 lb) x 6 lifts in 33.89 seconds (2005 World's Strongest Man) Keg drop Squat – 265–340 kg (584–750 lb) x 7 reps in 21.28 seconds (2007 World's Strongest Man - Group 4) Keg drop Squat – 260–360 kg (573–794 lb) x 7 reps in 27.53 seconds (2005 World's Strongest Man) (former world record) Log lift – 172 kg (379 lb) (2005 Met-Rx Grand Prix) Log lift (for reps) – 130 kg (287 lb) x 14 reps (2006 Moscow Grand Prix) Axle press (for reps) – 140 kg (309 lb) x 11 reps (2006 WSMC Poland) (World Record) Apollon wheel press – 166 kg (366 lb) x 4 reps (2004 Arnold Strongman Classic) Viking press – 150 kg (331 lb) x 12 reps (2007 Mohegan Sun Grand Prix) Kettlebell press – 80 kg (176 lb) x 8 reps (2009 Globe's Strongest Man) Atlas Stones – 5 stones weighing 115–155 kg (254–342 lb) on tall platforms in 21.09 seconds (2006 Strongman Super Series Moscow Grand Prix) (World Record) Ding carry – 160 kg (353 lb) for 90 metres (2005 World's Strongest Man) (World Record) Asia Stone / shield carry – 175 kg (386 lb) for 127.4 metres (2002 World's Strongest Man) (World Record) Africa Stone carry – 175 kg (386 lb) for 110 metres (2000 World's Strongest Man - Group 5) (World Record) Block carry – 180 kg (397 lb) for 80 metre course in 41.32 seconds (2002 Europe's Strongest Man) (World Record) Fridge carry (super yoke) – 410 kg (904 lb) for 20 metres in 15.29 seconds (2005 World's Strongest Man) Timber carry – 392 kg (864 lb) (40' ramp) in 22.93 seconds (Raw grip) (2006 Arnold Strongman Classic) Wheelbarrow carry (no straps) – 300 kg (661 lb) (25m course) in 15.50 seconds (2003 IFSA Finland Grand Prix) (World Record) Farmer's walk (no straps) – 150 kg (331 lb) per each hand for 60m course in 19.90 seconds (2006 Strongman Super Series Poland Grand Prix) (World Record) Farmer's walk (no straps) – 137.5 kg (303 lb) per each hand for 70m course in 22.48 seconds (2003 Strongman Super Series Finland Grand Prix) (World Record) Super Yoke – 360 kg (794 lb) for 20 meters in 7.66 seconds (2006 World Strongman Cup Federation, Poland) (World Record) Medicine Ball Toss – 23 kg (51 lb) for 4.88 meters (2004 Arnold Strongman Classic) Power Stairs – (225 kg (496 lb) total of 14 steps) – 40.94 seconds (2008 World's Strongest Man) (World Record) Power Stairs – (230 kg (507 lb) total of 23 shallow steps) – 26.33 seconds (2006 World's Strongest Man) (World Record) Power Stairs – (200 kg (441 lb), 230 kg (507 lb) & 250 kg (551 lb) total of 15 high steps) – 31.22 seconds (2004 Europe's Strongest Man) (World Record) Power Stairs – (225 kg (496 lb), 250 kg (551 lb) & 275 kg (606 lb) total of 15 steps) – 28.56 seconds (2005 Nautilus Grand Prix) (World Record) Tyre Flip – 380 kg (838 lb) Tyre x 8 flips - 20.81 seconds (2004 Holland Champions Trophy) and 400 kg (882 lb) Tyre x 8 flips - 22.87 seconds (2006 Moscow Grand Prix) (former world records) Flip & drag – 400 kg (882 lb) tyre x 4 flips and 300 kg (661 lb) anchor & chain drag for 30 meters – 39.01 seconds (2002 World's Strongest Man) (world record) Conan's wheel (Basque circle) – 360 kg (794 lb) 765° rotation (2006 World Strongman Cup Russia) (World Record) Conan's wheel (Basque circle) – 317.5 kg (700 lb) 1,203° rotation (2003 Strongman Super Series Holland Grand Prix) (World Record) Conan's wheel (Basque circle) – 300 kg (661 lb) 1,440° rotation (2002 World's Strongest Man - Group 5) (former world record) Train pull – 16,000 kg (35,274 lb) for 25 meter course in 30.78 seconds (2003 World's Strongest Man) (World Record) Truck pull – 24,000 kg (52,911 lb) for 20 meter course in 26.05 seconds (2003 IFSA Strongman World Record Breakers) (World Record) Plane pull – 40,000 kg (88,185 lb) for 25 meter course in 36.67 seconds (2008 World's Strongest Man) (World Record) During training: (Self-claims)
=== Air pollution control === In addition to water treatment and environmental remediation, nanotechnology is currently improving air quality. Nanoparticles can be engineered to catalyze, or hasten, the reaction to transform environmentally pernicious gases into harmless ones. For example, many industrial factories that produce large amounts harmful gases employ a type of nanofiber catalyst made of magnesium oxide (Mg2O) to purify dangerous organic substances in the smoke. Although chemical catalysts already exist in the gaseous vapors from cars, nanotechnology has a greater chance of reacting with the harmful substances in the vapors. This greater probability comes from the fact that nanotechnology can interact with more particles because of its greater surface area. Nanotechnology has been used to remediate air pollution including car exhaust pollution, and potentially greenhouse gases due to its high surface area. Based on research done by the Environmental Science Pollution Research International, nanotechnology can specifically help to treat carbon-based nanoparticles, greenhouse gases, and volatile organic compounds. There is also work being done to develop antibacterial nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles, and amendment agents for phytoremediation processes. Nanotechnology can also give the possibility of preventing air pollution in the first place due to its extremely small scale.
2024 Conservative Party leadership election: Nominations open for the first round of the leadership election. July 2024 Welsh Labour leadership election: Eluned Morgan is elected unopposed as the new leader of Welsh Labour after nominations close at midday. The Senedd will be recalled on 6 August to choose a new First Minister of Wales following the resignation of Vaughan Gething and the subsequent Welsh Labour leadership election. 25 July – Conservative Party leadership election: Tom Tugendhat and Robert Jenrick enter the race to become the next Conservative leader. 26 July – Labour peer Lord Falconer introduces the Assisted Dying Bill into the House of Lords. The bill would allow anyone with a terminal illness and less than six months left to live to get medical assistance to end their life. Following a critical report on the Care Quality Commission, Health Secretary Wes Streeting describes the body as not fit for purpose. Conservative Party leadership election: Former Work and Pensions Secretary Mel Stride becomes the fourth candidate to announce his intention to run for the Conservative Party leadership election. 27 July – Conservative Party leadership election: Priti Patel becomes the fifth candidate to put their name forward for the election, standing as a unity candidate. 28 July – Labour accuses the previous Conservative government of "covering up" "catastrophic" problems in the public sector and creating a multi-billion pound gap in public finances.
Gas exchange must be restored as quickly as possible to avoid collateral damage, so activated lymphocytes secrete IFNγ to stimulate the production of matrix metalloproteinase MMP-9 by macrophages. AMs have been reported to produce MMP-9 partly via PGE2-dependent PKA signaling pathways, which are the pathways involved in the inhibition of phagocytosis. MMP-9 activates latent TGF-β, reinducing expression of αvβ6 integrins on alveolar epithelial cells, thereby returning the alveolar macrophage to a resting state. Activation of TGF-β is also advantageous because its production stimulates collagen synthesis in interstitial fibroblasts, which is necessary for restoring alveolar wall architecture. List of human cell types derived from the germ layers Histology image: 13906loa – Histology Learning System at Boston University - "Respiratory System: lung (human), alveolar macrophages" Histology at KUMC resp-resp16 "Alveoli" Slide at ufl.edu
=== Gold === Chrysopoeia, the artificial production of gold, is the traditional goal of alchemy. Such transmutation is possible in particle accelerators or nuclear reactors, although the production cost is estimated to be a trillion times the market price of gold. Since there is only one stable gold isotope, 197Au, nuclear reactions must create this isotope in order to produce usable gold. In 1941, Rubby Sherr, Kenneth Bainbridge and Herbert H. Anderson synthesized gold from mercury with neutron bombardment using the cyclotron at Harvard University, but the isotopes of gold produced were all radioactive. In 1924, a German scientist, Adolf Miethe, reported achieving the same feat, but after various replication attempts around the world, it was deemed an experimental error. In 1980, Glenn Seaborg, K. Aleklett, and the Bevatron team transmuted several thousand atoms of bismuth into gold at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. His experimental technique using carbon-12 and neon-20 nuclei was able to remove protons and neutrons from the bismuth atoms. Seaborg's technique was far too expensive to enable the routine manufacture of gold but his work was then the closest yet to emulating an aspect of the mythical Philosopher's stone. In 2002 and 2004, CERN scientists at the Super Proton Synchrotron reported producing a minuscule amount of gold nuclei from induced photon emissions within deliberate near-miss collisions of lead nuclei. In 2022, CERN's ISOLDE team reported producing 18 gold nuclei from proton bombardment of a uranium target.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Other illnesses === According to a 2020 meta-analysis of 48 clinical trials, Pioglitazone and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery were the two most effective treatments for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; the analysis' authors based this conclusion on improvements to the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease scores of trial participants. A 2021 meta-analysis of three clinical trials found that Pioglitazone had not been proven effective to treat Alzheimer's disease.
== Sources == Bromelain is present in all parts of the pineapple plant (Ananas sp.), but the stem is the most common commercial source, presumably because usable quantities are readily extractable after the fruit has been harvested.
=== Ligament and tendon repair === Autologous stem cell-based treatments for ligament injury, tendon injury, osteoarthritis, osteochondrosis, and sub-chondral bone cysts have been commercially available to practicing veterinarians to treat horses since 2003 in the United States and since 2006 in the United Kingdom. Autologous stem cell based treatments for tendon injury, ligament injury, and osteoarthritis in dogs have been available to veterinarians in the United States since 2005. Over 3000 privately owned horses and dogs have been treated with autologous adipose-derived stem cells. The efficacy of these treatments has been shown in double-blind clinical trials for dogs with osteoarthritis of the hip and elbow and horses with tendon damage. Race horses are especially prone to injuries of the tendon and ligaments. Conventional therapies are very unsuccessful in returning the horse to full functioning potential. Natural healing, guided by the conventional treatments, leads to the formation of fibrous scar tissue that reduces flexibility and full joint movement. Traditional treatments prevented a large number of horses from returning to full activity and also have a high incidence of re-injury due to the stiff nature of the scarred tendon. Introduction of both bone marrow and adipose derived stem cells, along with natural mechanical stimulus promoted the regeneration of tendon tissue. The natural movement promoted the alignment of the new fibers and tendocytes with the natural alignment found in uninjured tendons.
Kelp tea or kombu tea is a herbal tea made from kombu, a type of edible kelp. On its own it does not contain any true tea (Camellia sinensis), although kombu may be added to green tea in some cases. It is called konbu-cha or kobu-cha (昆布茶) in Japan, dasima-cha (다시마차) in Korea and haidai-cha (海带茶) in China, all meaning "kombu tea."
=== Symbiosis === Symbionts are the primary providers of nutrition for Osedax. However, these symbionts also possess genes, secretion systems, and toxins that disrupt the Osedax membrane and facilitate recurrent infections of adult Osedax through the root tips. There is ongoing debate in the literature over whether the symbiosis in Osedax roots is commensal or mutualistic. The symbiotic relationship between Osedax and its accompanying bacteria may be transferred either via vertical or horizontal transmission. Osedax species use collagen, which is the primary organic component in bone. Collagen is degraded using a family of endopeptidases called matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which facilitates nutrient absorption by the Osedax. The roots of the Osedax express high amounts of V-ATPase and carbonic anhydrase enzymes, which allows the Osedax to dissolve and absorb collagen and lipids. Once dissolved, the nutrients are either used by the Osedax, or transported to the symbionts for further catabolism. As the endosymbionts lack secreted M9 peptidase, they rely on the Osedax worm to source extracellular collagen. The symbionts in the Oceanospirillales order have then been observed to further process the collagen using collagenolytic enzymes. Sequencing of the Osedax worm genome has suggested an evolved dependency on its endosymbionts. This is revealed by genomic streamlining, where increased functional groups were observed despite the loss of some gene families. Six incomplete pathways were discovered in the Osedax worm genome which were supplemented by the endosymbionts.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
SR9009 is a synthetic research compound that acts on REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not approved for human use and is sold only as a research chemical. Its effects have been studied mainly in cells and rodents.
It binds REV-ERB alpha and REV-ERB beta and changes the expression of genes tied to metabolism and circadian rhythm. These changes can affect mitochondria and energy use in animal models. The exact chain from receptor binding to physiological outcome is still being mapped.
No reliable human trials show that SR9009 improves athletic performance. Some rodent studies report endurance changes, but these results are not proof of human benefit. Its use in sport is prohibited, and quality and safety data are lacking.
Liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry is a common approach. Ultraviolet detection and nuclear magnetic resonance can support identification when suitable standards are available.