DMSO stock is one of those subjects where the details matter more than the headlines. This page pulls together the background, the mechanisms, and the practical points readers ask about most.
Last reviewed on 2026-07-26. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
Laboratory identification of SR9009 typically relies on chromatographic separation coupled to mass spectrometry, often with ultraviolet detection as a secondary check. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can confirm molecular structure when a reference standard is available. Because many suppliers sell the compound as a research chemical, independent identity testing is important for experimental reproducibility. A single retention time is not sufficient proof of identity, especially when related compounds may be present. Purity assessments usually report a percentage based on area normalization.
SR9009 is generally described as poorly soluble in water and more soluble in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol. Stock solutions are commonly prepared in an organic solvent before dilution into an aqueous buffer or vehicle. Precipitation can occur if the organic fraction is reduced too quickly or if the final concentration exceeds the compound's solubility limit. Sonication or gentle warming may aid dissolution in some protocols, but excessive heat can promote degradation. Container material and pH can also influence observed solubility.
For long-term storage, SR9009 is typically kept as a solid at low temperature, protected from moisture and light. Desiccated conditions limit hydrolysis, while opaque containers reduce photochemical breakdown. Solutions are less stable than solids and are often stored frozen in aliquots to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Stability data are not standardized across all suppliers, so users should rely on certificate-of-analysis information when available. Degradation may appear as color change, precipitate, or decreased chromatographic purity.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule that acts on the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors are part of the circadian clock machinery and normally repress transcription of certain target genes. In laboratory research, SR9009 is used as a chemical tool to study how REV-ERB activity influences metabolism, inflammation, and daily biological rhythms. The compound is not an approved medicine, and its effects in humans remain largely uncharacterized. It is often described as an investigational agent rather than a therapeutic product.
REV-ERB proteins typically suppress gene expression by recruiting corepressor complexes to DNA response elements. SR9009 binds these receptors and strengthens that repressive action in cell-based assays. Studies in rodents have reported changes in lipid handling, mitochondrial function, and exercise capacity after treatment. Such findings are often cited as evidence for metabolic effects, but species differences and limited pharmacokinetic data make direct translation to humans uncertain. Researchers continue to examine which effects are robust and which depend on specific experimental conditions.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Visual inspection is not sufficient for identity. |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol | Low solubility in water; stock solutions use organic solvent. |
| Storage | -20°C, desiccated, protected from light | Limits hydrolysis and photodegradation. |
| Analytical method | HPLC-UV/MS | Used for identity and purity assessment. |
| Synonyms | SR9009, Stenabolic | Naming varies by supplier. |
Research interest in SR9009 grew from studies showing improved running endurance in mice after short treatment periods. Those experiments linked the compound to increased mitochondrial content and fatty acid oxidation in muscle, but the findings come from animal models and specific dosing schedules. Independent replication has been limited, and the pathways connecting REV-ERB activation to exercise performance are still being mapped. Whether similar responses occur in humans is an open question.
SR9009 is often grouped with compounds studied for circadian and metabolic regulation rather than with classical anabolic steroids. Its interactions with nuclear receptors differ from those of androgen receptor ligands, and its proposed mechanisms involve transcriptional control rather than direct hormone signaling. Some sources classify it as a metabolic modulator because of observed effects on energy utilization. The distinction matters for regulation and for interpreting research results across different compound classes.
Laboratory studies often administer SR9009 by injection because oral absorption appears poor in rodents. Reported pharmacokinetic properties include rapid metabolism and low systemic exposure after oral dosing. Human pharmacokinetic data are sparse, so absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in people are not well defined. Some research explores related REV-ERB compounds with improved drug-like properties. Regulatory approval for any REV-ERB agonist as a human medicine has not been granted to date.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, also called NR1D1 and NR1D2. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene programs. The compound was developed for laboratory research, not as an approved therapeutic. Its identity is distinct from steroid hormones and selective androgen receptor modulators. Scientific interest centers on how REV-ERB activation changes gene expression in cells and animal models.
At the molecular level, SR9009 binds the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB and strengthens recruitment of corepressor proteins such as NCoR and HDAC3. This increases repression of target genes, including Bmal1 and other clock-controlled and metabolic genes. In rodent studies, such changes have been linked to altered lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and energy expenditure. The precise chain of events between receptor binding and whole-body effects remains an active area of research. Findings in animals do not automatically translate to humans.
Research interest in SR9009 grew from studies of circadian biology and metabolic disease. Preclinical reports describe effects on exercise capacity, muscle metabolism, and blood lipid levels in rodents, but these findings come from controlled laboratory settings. The compound has low oral bioavailability in animals, which limits systemic exposure after swallowing. Investigators often use injected routes in experiments to achieve measurable plasma concentrations. Human clinical data are sparse, no approved therapeutic product exists, and whether animal effects translate to humans remains an open question.
Regulatory and sporting contexts treat SR9009 as a prohibited substance in many elite competitions. Its presence on banned lists reflects concerns about performance enhancement and unknown long-term safety. Analytical chemists have developed methods to detect the parent compound and its metabolites in urine and blood. Literature discussions distinguish between in vitro potency, animal pharmacology, and anecdotal human reports. The latter are difficult to verify because products sold online may lack purity or contain different compounds.
== Mechanism of action == Thiazolidinediones or TZDs act by activating PPARs (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors), a group of nuclear receptors, specific for PPARγ (PPAR-gamma, PPARG). They are thus the PPARG agonists subset of PPAR agonists. The endogenous ligands for these receptors are free fatty acids (FFAs) and eicosanoids. When activated, the receptor binds to DNA in complex with the retinoid X receptor (RXR), another nuclear receptor, increasing transcription of a number of specific genes and decreasing transcription of others. The main effect of expression and repression of specific genes is an increase in the storage of fatty acids in adipocytes, thereby decreasing the amount of fatty acids present in circulation. As a result, cells become more dependent on the oxidation of carbohydrates, more specifically glucose, in order to yield energy for other cellular processes.
Proteins are essential to life, performing many necessary cellular functions. Cells construct proteins with amino acids using DNA instructions. Typically, DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) and the mRNA is translated into a sequence of amino acids. The complex that facilitates translation from mRNA to amino acid is called the ribosome. Ribosomes hold and read mRNA in three nucleotide chunks called codons. Codons have a corresponding transport RNA (tRNA) that binds to the ribosome. tRNAs are responsible for bringing amino acids to the ribosome so they can be incorporated into the protein. Though each codon only codes for a single tRNA, a tRNA can represent multiple codons. This is because there are 64 possible codon combinations and 20 natural amino acids. Each tRNA codes for a single amino acid. Each amino acid is added to the growing chain of amino acids that will form the final protein. The initial chain of amino acids, also called the primary structure of the protein, determines the final shape and functional capacity of the protein.
Samples of water from the natural environment are routinely taken and analyzed as part of a pre-determined monitoring program by regulatory authorities to ensure that waters remain unpolluted, or if polluted, that the levels of pollution are not increasing or are falling in line with an agreed remediation plan. An example of such a scheme is the harmonized monitoring scheme operated on all the major river systems in the UK. The parameters analyzed will be highly dependent on nature of the local environment and/or the polluting sources in the area. In many cases the parameters will reflect the national and local water quality standards determined by law or other regulations. Typical parameters for ensuring that unpolluted surface waters remain within acceptable chemical standards include pH, major cations and anions including ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, conductivity, phenol, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD).
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Incarceration == Initially Rose was incarcerated at HM Prison Bronzefield, Middlesex, as a Category A prisoner. She was transferred to HM Prison Low Newton in County Durham in 2008. It was reported in May 1995 that Rose and Myra Hindley—who were both incarcerated in HM Prison Durham at the time (Rose was on remand)—had formed a "friendship". Hindley denied the claims as "nonsense". Rose acknowledged that they knew each other from being on the same wing but denied further speculation that the two were "having an affair". Both of Rose's eldest biological children, and her stepdaughter, Anna Marie, initially visited her in prison on a regular basis, although by 2006 she had ceased contact with them after Mae began asking questions about her culpability in the murders. Rose justified her decision with the explanation: "I was never a parent [then] and could never be now." In 2019 Rose was transferred to HM Prison New Hall in West Yorkshire. It was reported the transfer had taken place after serial killer Joanna Dennehy, who had just been transferred to Low Newton, had threatened to kill Rose, although official sources stated that the reports were untrue.
== Other animals == Some Arctic animals demonstrate no signs of hypervitaminosis A despite having 10–20 times the level of vitamin A in their livers as non-Arctic animals. These animals are top predators and include the polar bear, Arctic fox, bearded seal, and glaucous gull. Plasma concentrations are maintained in a non-toxic range despite the high liver content.
== Public figures with CMT == US country music singer Alan Jackson. Jackson was definitively diagnosed in his early 50s. US actor Julie Newmar. She played the original Catwoman in the 1960s Batman television series. US Paralympic cyclist Anthony Zahn. He won a bronze medal at the 2008 Beijing Paralympic Games. Jamaica and US fashion designer Rachel Scott, who serves as Creative Director of Proenza Schouler. UK cultural and disability studies academic Professor George McKay. His books include Shakin' All Over: Popular Music and Disability (2014). US Paralympic swimmer Jamal Hill, bronze medallist at the Tokyo 2021 Paralympic Games. US actress Isabelle Tate was reported to have died of a rare variant of the disease in 2025. Irish Paralympic cyclist Eoghan Clifford. US filmmaker and playwright Crystal R. Emery. Known for directing the 2010 documentary The Deadliest Disease in America. Australian wheelchair tennis player Jin Woodman (born 2009)
The song's success benefited from appearing in the John Hughes films Sixteen Candles (1984) and Weird Science (1985) from the time period, and it would later appear in Amy Heckerling's Clueless (1995) and in the horror film Devil's Due (2014). Meanwhile, another General Public song, "Taking the Day Off" was featured in Ferris Bueller's Day Off (1986). For the follow-up album, White and Stoker were replaced by brothers Gianni and Mario Minardi on guitar and drums, respectively. Hand to Mouth was significantly less successful than their debut album, and the band dissolved soon after its release. The 1993 reissue of the album includes "Taking the Day Off" and other non-album songs and remixes. Roger and Wakeling worked on various solo projects for the next few years, before reconstituting General Public in 1994 to perform a cover version of the Staple Singers' hit "I'll Take You There" for the Threesome film soundtrack. The new General Public line-up retained only vocalists Wakeling and Roger from previous incarnations; the vocal duo was now backed by Michael Railton (keyboards), Randy Jacobs (guitars), Wayne Lothian (bass), Thomas White (drums), and Norman Jones (percussion). "I'll Take You There" was a Top 40 hit in the US and Canada and a minor hit in the UK (No. 73). Jacobs and White then left the group, and new drummer Dan Chase was brought in. The sextet released the album Rub It Better for Epic Records in 1995, recorded in the US with the aid of Jerry Harrison, the former keyboardist and guitarist for Talking Heads producing.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Overdose == Only a single case of death due to mescaline, as peyote, has been described, and was likely due to asphyxiation by vomit rather than overdose or toxicity. However, there is also a case report of death due to jumping off a cliff while on a high dose of mescaline. In terms of extrapolated human lethal dose based on animal studies, the lethal dose of mescaline relative to a typical recreational dose has been estimated to be 24-fold or around 8,400 mg. However, mescaline has reportedly been taken by humans at doses of up to 8,000 mg without apparent toxic reactions. On the other hand, there is one unverified reported case of death due to a dose of 15,000 mg intravenously, which would equate to about 150 to 200 mg/kg. The median lethal dose (LD50) of mescaline has been determined in various animal species, with the values including 212 to 315 mg/kg i.p. in mice, 132 to 410 mg/kg i.p. in rats, 328 mg/kg i.p. in guinea pigs, 54 mg/kg in dogs, and 130 mg/kg i.v. in rhesus macaques, among others. It has been said that it would be difficult to take enough mescaline to cause death in humans. No deaths due to peyote use have been reported aside from the asphyxiation case. The highest dose of peyote known to have been taken is 90 dried buttons.
One of the increasingly used methods includes the use of LA-ICP-MS. In LA-ICP-MS, a laser beam is focused on a sample surface, causing it to vaporize and form a high-temperature plasma. This plasma is then introduced into an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) source, where further ionization and excitation occur. The resulting ions are then analysed using a mass spectrometer (MS).
=== Brand names === Janssen's patent on risperidone expired in December 2003, opening the market for cheaper generic versions from other companies, and Janssen's exclusive marketing rights expired in June 2004 (the result of a pediatric extension). It is available under many brand names worldwide. Risperidone is available as a tablet, an oral solution, and an ampule, which is a depot injection. Brand names include Risperdal, Risperdal Consta, Risperdal M-Tab, Risperdal Quicklets, Risperlet, Okedi, and Perseris.
=== Viruses === Brine pockets can support a wide variety of bacteria, and they are also home to high concentrations of marine viruses. Marine viruses in brine pockets may play a major role in regulating the population dynamics of their hosts and influencing biogeochemical cycles within the pocket. As viruses are highly specific to their hosts, viruses in brine pockets include bacteriophages, which infect bacteria, and archaeal viruses, which infect archaea. Algal viruses and other eukaryotic viruses can also be present in brine pockets, which influences the productivity and diversity of these microorganisms. Marine viruses in brine pockets can also influence biogeochemical processes by releasing nutrients through the lysis of infected cells, and by facilitating horizontal gene transfer between hosts. Infections caused by viruses can also trigger changes in the host metabolism, leading to altered nutrient uptake and production of metabolites, which in turn can influence the surrounding environment. The few studies on viral abundance and composition in brine pockets focus mainly on the diverse concentrations of viruses, separated by molecular size. Brine pockets in the Antarctic lakes have been found to have three groups of viruses at different abundances. In the Arctic waters, viral concentrations were found to vary from 1.6 to 82 × 106 ml−1, with the highest concentrations found in the coldest brine pockets (–24 to –31 °C).
=== Fission chain reaction realized === During this period the Hungarian physicist Leó Szilárd realized that the neutron-driven fission of heavy atoms could be used to create a nuclear chain reaction. Such a reaction using neutrons was an idea he had first formulated in 1933, upon reading Rutherford's disparaging remarks about generating power from neutron collisions. However, Szilárd had not been able to achieve a neutron-driven chain reaction using beryllium. Szilard stated, "...if we could find an element which is split by neutrons and which would emit two neutrons when it absorbs one neutron, such an element, if assembled in sufficiently large mass, could sustain a nuclear chain reaction." On 25 January 1939, after learning of Hahn's discovery from Eugene Wigner, Szilard noted, "...if enough neutrons are emitted...then it should be, of course, possible to sustain a chain reaction. All of the things which H. G. Wells predicted appeared suddenly real to me." After the Hahn-Strassman paper was published, Szilard noted in a letter to Lewis Strauss, that during the fission of uranium, "the energy released in this new reaction must be very much higher than all previously known cases...," which might lead to "large-scale production of energy and radioactive elements, unfortunately also perhaps to atomic bombs." Szilard now urged Fermi (in New York) and Frédéric Joliot-Curie (in Paris) to refrain from publishing on the possibility of a chain reaction, lest the Nazi government become aware of the possibilities on the eve of what would later be known as World War II.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry is a common approach. Ultraviolet detection and nuclear magnetic resonance can support identification when suitable standards are available.
The solid is generally kept cold, dry, and protected from light. Solutions are often frozen in single-use aliquots to reduce repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
It indicates a material sold for laboratory study, not for human use. The label does not guarantee pharmaceutical purity, sterility, or regulatory approval.
SR9009 is a synthetic research compound that binds and modulates the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is used in laboratory studies of circadian biology and metabolism, not as an approved medicine. It is also known by the informal name Stenabolic.